Yamuna River, also called Jumna, major river of northern India, primarily in Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh states. One of the country’s most sacred rivers, it rises on the slopes of the Banderpunch massif in the Great Himalayas near Yamnotri (Jamnotri),Uttarakhand. It flows in a southerly direction through the Himalayan foothills and, exiting Uttarakhand, onto the Indo-Gangetic Plain, along the Uttar Pradesh–Haryana state border. The Eastern and Western Yamuna canals are fed from the river at that point.
he Yamuna then passes Delhi, where it feeds the Agra Canal.
South of Delhi, and now wholly within Uttar Pradesh, it turns southeastward
near Mathura and passes Agra, Firozabad, and Etawah. Below Etawah it receives a
number of southern tributaries, the largest of which are the Chambal, the
Sindh, the Betwa, and the Ken. Near Allahabad, after a course of about 855
miles (1,376 km), the Yamuna joins theGanges (Ganga) River; their confluence is
an especially sacred place to Hindus.
The Yamuna (Hindi/Sanskrit: यमुना,
Urdu:جمنا sometimes
called Jamuna (Bengali:যমুনা
Jomuna) (Hindi: जमुना) or
Jumna) is the largest tributary river of the Ganges (Ganga) in northern India.
Originating from the Yamunotri Glacier at a height 6,387 metres, on the south
western slopes of Banderpooch peaks, in the Lower Himalayas in Uttarakhand, it
travels a total length of 1,376 kilometers (855 mi) and has a drainage system
of 366,223 km2, 40.2% of the entire Ganges Basin, before merging with the
Ganges at Triveni Sangam, Allahabad, the site for the Kumbha Mela every twelve
years.
It crosses several states, Uttarakhand, Haryana and Uttar
Pradesh, passing by Himachal Pradesh and later Delhi, and meets several of its
tributaries on the way, including Tons, its largest and longest tributary,
Chambal, which has its own large basin, followed by Sindh, the Betwa, and Ken.
Most importantly it creates the highly fertile alluvial, Yamuna-Ganges Doab
region between itself and the Ganges in the Indo-Gangetic plain. Nearly 57
million people depend on the Yamuna waters. With an annual flow of about 10,000
cubic billion metres (cbm) and usage of 4,400 cbm (of which irrigation
constitutes 96 per cent), the river accounts for more than 70 per cent of
Delhi’s water supplies. Just like the Ganges, the Yamuna too is highly venerated
in Hinduism and worshipped as goddess Yamuna, throughout its course. In Hindu
mythology, she is the daughter of Sun God, Surya, and sister of Yama, the God
of Death, hence also known as Yami and according to popular legends, bathing in
its sacred waters frees one from the torments of death.
The water of Yamuna is of "reasonably good
quality" through its length from Yamunotri in the Himalayas to Wazirabad
in Delhi, about 375 km, where the discharge of waste water through 15 drains
between Wazirabad barrage and Okhla barrage renders the river severely polluted
after Wazirabad in Delhi. One official describes the river as a "sewage
drain" with biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) values ranging from 14 to 28
mg/l and high coliform content. There are three main sources of pollution in
the river, namely households and municipal disposal sites, soil erosion
resulting from deforestation occurring to make way for agriculture along with
resulting chemical wash-off from fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides and
run-off from commercial activity and industrial sites.
Contents
1 Course and catchment
2 Ancient literature and history
3 Religious significance
4 Important tributaries
5 Irrigation
6 Management
7 Geography and wildlife
8 Pollution
9 In popular culture
10 Gallery
11 See also
12 Further reading
13 References
14 External links
picture : cosminfoto
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